It is safe to say that all of the species of fish we seek have color vision. There are some species of fish that have no color vision and some that are completely blind but none of these are our targets. Coloration in the marine environment is more important for some of the species we fish for then others. As humans, we tend to downplay the sensory apparatus of the fish we seek.
In general though, I think it is the intensity of the coloration that is more important then the color itself. For example, bright colors such as yellow, chartreuse, and white may all perform equally well. I also think that shape, and more importantly motion, is more important then coloration in the feeding behavior of fish.
We should also be careful when attributing colors of our lures to success. For example, a fluke fisherman may say green is working really well for him. Another angler may switch to green and have no luck. The reality of rigs is that two are never exactly the same and may undulate quite differently. Each angler also fishes differently and may have a different rod, line diameter, etc. A very controlled experiment would be needed to indeed say that it is the specific color that is making the difference. As mentioned, it may be the intensity of the color that is making a difference. Also, coloration success will vary with brightness of the day, time of day, clarity of water, depth of water, and other factors.
We also tend to think of colors in human terms. For example, if you use a pink rig in 80 feet of water and ask a scuba diver at that same depth what color he sees, he will report gray coloration. If he however, uses a flash and takes a picture of your lure, it will show up pink in the picture. As one proceeds in depths, coloration is gradually lost, at least to our eyes. No one knows if fish are able to see colors better or differently then we do at depths.