"The majority is due to runoff and emissions..."
Could not have said it better myself.
But here is the twist.
Water runoff is not going to be solved because that is the way we design our civil systems. We design concrete raceways to expedite water removal from where it landed to major rivers. This method offers little time for percolation and results in high nutrient concentrations in the estuaries, thereby promoting pathogen development.
Despite all that oil, as mentioned before, I still think when it comes to inland estuaries that pathogens are the leading problem affecting the fishing community.
And that is because the oil spill is an incident, whereas runoff is a consistent problem. And nobody is making substantial changes in runoff design.
Unfortunately, things are not going to change much any time soon and there are people blindly protecting pathogen perpetuating species and soon they will become aware that disease management was overlooked for too long.
Disease from pathogens results in exponential and chaotic death rates, something current fisheries management models do not adequately accommodate. One day soon the striped bass population will likely be hit with a pathogenic tsunami, under current policy you can almost bet on it.
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Leading Pollutants/Stressors of Surface Waters
Estuaries, Bays, and Coasts
Number of impaired waterbodies: 1178 (cause not reported for 1%)
Percent of Estuaries and Bays assessed by state agencies for 1997-98 reporting period: 32%
Percent of Coastal Shorelines assessed by state agencies for 1997-98 reporting period: 5%
Percent Waterbodies Affected
Pathogens 66%
Low Dissolved Oxygen/Organic Enrichment 16%
Nutrients 14%
Metals 10%
Pesticides 8%
More...
NOTE: Possible inconsistencies between data on (a) impaired waterbodies and (b) percentage of waterbodies assessed.
Fresh Water Wetlands
Number of impaired waterbodies: 78 (cause not reported for 1%)
Percent Waterbodies Affected
Pathogens 40%
Nutrients 18%
Sediments 17%
Low Dissolved Oxygen/Organic Enrichment 16%
pH 14%
More...
http://www.scorecard.org/env-releases/water/cwa-us.tcl